World Migration Report 2024: Chapter 3
References*
Abdelkader, E. (2017). The history of the persecution of Myanmar’s Rohingya. The Conversation, 21 September.
Abderrahmane, A. (2022). Going for gold: Africa’s young footballers exploited by smugglers. Institute for Security Studies, 24 November.
Abebe, T. and G. Mukundi-Wachira (eds.) (2023). The State of Migration in East and Horn of Africa Report 2022. IOM, Geneva.
Aboueldahab, N. (2021). Social protection, not just legal protection: Migrant laborers in the Gulf. Policy Note. Brookings Doha Center, Washington, D.C. and Doha, August.
ACAPS (2023). Colombia: Risk analysis update. 13 January.
ACAPS (n.d.a). Country Analysis: Ethiopia. Web site (accessed 27 November 2023).
Adler, N. (2022). How immigration “made French football better”. Al Jazeera, 30 November. Ahmed, E. (2023). Denmark puts asylum center talks with Rwanda on back burner. AA, 25 January.
Ainsley, J., J. Seidman and D. Martinez (2023). Canada and the US both face labor shortages. One country is increasing immigration. NBC News, 7 January.
Al Jazeera (2022). Julia brings heavy rains to Central America, killing at least 16. 10 October. Al Jazeera (2023a). UN reports “alarming” rise in Rohingya deaths at sea in 2022. 17 January.
Al Jazeera (2023b). Rohingya campaigners condemn Myanmar’s ‘opaque’ repatriation plan. 23 March. Al Jazeera (2023c). S Korea breaks record for world’s lowest fertility rate, again. 22 February.
Álvarez Velasco, S. (2020). From Ecuador to elsewhere: The (re)configuration of a transit country. Migration and Society: Advances in Research, 3:34–49.
Álvarez Velasco, S. (2022). Between hostility and solidarity: The production of the Andean region–Southern cone transit migratory corridor. In: Migration in South America (G. Herrera, C. Gómez, eds.). IMISCOE Research Series. Springer, Cham.
André, C. (2022). IDMC’S regional workshop: Filling the data gaps on internal displacement in the central Sahel. December.
Angelo, P. (2022). Climate change and regional instability in Central America. Discussion paper, Council on Foreign Relations, September.
Arhin-Sam, K., A. Bisong, L. Jegen, H. Mounkaila and F. Zanker (2022). The (in)formality of mobility in the ECOWAS region: The paradoxes of free movement. South African Journal of International Affairs, 29(2):187–205.
Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED) (2022). Colombia: Mid-year update. 10 conflicts to worry about in 2022. Web page (accessed 27 November 2023).
ACLED (2023). Context assessment: Heightened political violence in Somalia. 3 March.
Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2022). By the numbers: Climate change in Central Asia. 23 November. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (2022). ASEAN Migration Outlook. ASEAN, Jakarta.
Augustin, E. and F. Robles (2022). ‘Cuba Is depopulating’: Largest exodus yet threatens country’s future. The New York Times, 10 December.
Auyezov, O. and M. Gordeyeva (2022). Russians fleeing war call-up face new stresses on arrival in Kazakhstan. Reuters, 7 October.
Bahar, D., J. Morales-Arilla and S. Restrepo (2022). Economic integration of Venezuelan immigrants in Colombia: a policy roadmap. Center for Global Development Policy Paper 280, December.
Barchfield, J. (2023). Venezuelan medical professionals step in to fill healthcare gaps in Peru. UNHCR, 15 February. Belhaj, F. (2022). COPs offer Middle East–North Africa a climate leadership role. Forbes, 14 November.
Bentil, E.N., Y. Nagashima, H. Bayusuf, J. Salmi, A. Dieng and V. Sundararaman (2021). Youth empowerment: Reimagining and transforming skills development in Western and Central Africa. Blog post. World Bank, 21 July.
Bergmann, J. (2021). Planned relocation in Peru: Advancing from well-meant legislation to good practice. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 11:365–375.
Bhattarai, A. and L.K. Gurley (2022). Trump, COVID slowed down immigration. Now employers can’t find workers. The Washington Post, 15 December.
Bisong, A. (2021). Regulating recruitment and protection of African migrant workers in the Gulf and the Middle East. European Centre for Development Policy Management Discussion Paper No. 292, February.
Black, J. and Z. Sigman (2022). 50,000 lives lost during migration: Analysis of Missing Migrants Project data 2014–2022. IOM, Global Migration Data Analysis Centre (GMDAC).
Bloomberg News (2022). Russia defies most dire economic forecasts despite looming recession. Bloomberg, 19 April.
Boucher, A. (2023). Australia’s immigration system set for overhaul after damning review. Syndey University news, 28 April.
Brenn, L., N. Mäkelä, E. Panizza, A. Amdihun and R. Rudari (2022). Developing partnerships in the IGAD region. Forced Migration Review, 69, March.
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) (2022). Rohingya refugees reach Indonesia after month at sea. BBC News, 26 December.
Brumat, L. and M.V. Espinoza (2023). Actors, ideas, and international influence: understanding migration policy change in South America. International Migration Review, pre-print.
Brumat, L. and F.D. Pereira (2023). Lula’s migration and foreign policy agendas and the future of South American regionalism. Blog post. Eurac Research, 6 March.
Castellanos, E., M.F. Lemos, L. Astigarraga, N. Chacón, N. Cuvi, C. Huggel, L. Miranda, M. Moncassim Vale, J.P. Ometto, P.L. Peri, J.C. Postigo, L. Ramajo, L. Roco and M. Rusticucci (2022). Central and South America. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem and B. Rama, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Cecco, L. (2023). Exhausted crews battle Canadian wildfires as experts issue climate warning. The Guardian, 10 June.
Ciurcă, A. (2023). Desperate to earn, Moldovans risk exploitation in Western Europe. Balkan Insight, 23 March.
Clement, V., K.K. Rigaud, A. de Sherbinin, B. Jones, S. Adamo, J. Schewe, N. Sadiq and E. Shabahat (2021). Groundswell Part 2: Acting on Internal Climate Migration. World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Collyns, D. (2023). Ecuador’s criminal gangs bring death and mayhem amid political gridlock. The Guardian, 23 April.
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) (2022). Fresh impetus to implement COMESA protocols on free movement. Press release, 2 June.
Council on Foreign Relations (2023). Violent extremism in the Sahel. Global Conflict Tracker, 10 August.
Danish Refugee Council (DRC) (2022). EU’s actions on migratory routes must prioritize safe mobility and access to protection. Press release, 12 December.
Davies, A. (2022). Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan border clashes claim nearly 100 lives. BBC News, 19 September.
Debusmann, B., Jr (2023). Title 42: What is the immigration rule and why has it ended? BBC News, 12 May.
DePillis, L. (2023). Immigration rebound eases shortage of workers, up to a point. The New York Times, 6 February.
Devillard, A., A. Bacchi and M. Noack (2015). A survey on migration policies in West Africa. ICMPD and IOM, March.
Diaz, L. (2023). Violence, unemployment drive Ecuadorians to Mexico. Reuters, 7 February.
Dixon, L. (n.d.). Ecuador: A new gateway to the Americas. Journalists for Transparency.
Doña-Reveco, C. (2022). Chile’s welcoming approach to immigrants cools as numbers rise. Migration Policy Institute, 18 May.
Ebel, F. (2023). Kazakhstan tightens visa rules, setting limits for Russians fleeing war duty. The Washington Post, 17 January.
Ecuador Times (2023). More Ecuadorians face deportation in the United States. 22 June.
Emmot, R., S. Siebold and A. Sytas (2021). Lithuania, EU say Belarus using refugees as “political weapon”. Reuters, 12 July.
Engle, J. (2023). Lesson plan: “Title 42 is gone, but not the conditions driving migrants to the US”. The New York Times, 16 May.
European Commission (2022). Migration routes: Commission proposes action plan for Central Mediterranean to address immediate challenges. Press release, 21 November.
European Commission (n.d.). Temporary protection. Web page (accessed 27 November 2023).
European Council and Council of the European Union (2023). Migration flows on the Central Mediterranean route. Web page (accessed 11 April 2023).
European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE) (2022a). Mediterranean: Commission’s action plan on the central med endorsed by EU interior ministers amid critiques over recycling old mistakes, high-profile EU politicians accused of committing “crimes against humanity” over cooperation with EU-funded Libyan coast guard. Press release, 2 December.
ECRE (2022b). Joint statement: NGOs call on Member States: agreeing on the instrumentalisation regulation will be the final blow to a Common European Asylum System (CEAS) in Europe. Press release, 8 September.
ECRE (2023). Policy note: Movement to and from Ukraine under the Temporary Protection Directive. Press release, 13 January.
European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA), International Organization for Migration (IOM) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2022). Forced Displacement from and within Ukraine: Profiles, Experiences, and Aspirations of Affected Populations. EUAA, IOM, OECD, n.p.
Fahim, K. (2022). With nationalism rising, Turkey turns against refugees it once welcomed. The Washington Post, 21 August.
Flavelle, C. (2022). In a first, US pays tribes to move away from climate threats. The New York Times, 4 November. Food Security and Nutrition Working Group (FSNWG) (2022). FSNWG food security and nutrition update. January.
Frost, R. (2023). Japan sees heaviest rain ever: Is climate change making downpours more extreme? Euronews, 10 July.
Fulton, A. and O. Holmes (2023). Sudan conflict: Why is there fighting and what is at stake in the region? The Guardian, 27 April.
Fusco, G. (2022). Climate change and food security in the northern and eastern African regions: A panel data analysis. Sustainability, 14(19):12664.
Gbadamosi, N. (2023). Climate change wreaks Havoc in Southern Africa. Foreign Policy, 22 March. George, R.A. (2022). Sweden’s feminist foreign policy can’t be undone. Foreign Policy, 18 November.
Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect (n.d). Central Sahel (Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger). Web page (accessed on 31 May 2023).
Global Fund to End Modern Slavery (GFEMS) (2021). Forced labor among Kenyan migrant workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries: A prevalence estimation report. NORC at the University of Chicago, December.
Goldbaum, C. and Y. Akbary (2022). Over a million flee as Afghanistan’s economy collapses. The New York Times, 2 February.
Goldbaum, C. and S. Padshah (2023). Driven out of Pakistan, Afghans face an uncertain future. The New York Times, 30 October.
Goodman, J.D. (2023). What is Title 8? The New York Times, 11 May.
Goodwin, G. and C. Escobar (2023). Surging Ecuadorian migration keeps Colombia at the frontline. Blog post. London School of Economics, 13 April.
Government of Australia (2022). Australia’s migration future. Press release, 2 September.
Government of Australia (2023a). Review of the migration system: Final report. Department of Home Affairs, March.
Government of Australia (2023b). Temporary skilled migration income threshold raised to $70,000. Press release, 27 April.
Government of Canada (2021). Canada’s Feminist International Assistance Policy. Global Affairs Canada, Ottawa.
Government of Panama (2023). Irregulares en tránsito por Darién por país de. Data set (accessed 15 November 2023).
Government of Uzbekistan (2022). Uzbek Foreign Ministry: bilateral documents signed with the State of Israel in the field of labor migration. Press release, 28 July.
Harb, M. and N. Elhennawy (2023). State Department holds news briefing as Sudan conflict begins last day of truce. PBS NewsHour, 3 May.
Harnoss, J., J. Kugel, K. Kleissl, M. Finley and F. Candelon (2022). Migration matters: A human cause with a $20 trillion business case. Boston Consulting Group and International Organization or Migration, December.
Hertog, S. (2022). Reforming labour market and migration regulation in Gulf States. Blog post. London School of Economics, 17 June.
Hogan, S. (2023). Japan aims high with 400,000 int’ls by 2033 ambition. The PIE news, 23 March.
International Consultants for Education and Fairs (ICEF) (2022a). Why have Chinese student numbers been slower to recover this year? ICEF Monitor, 24 August.
ICEF (2022b). How are international student numbers recovering so far in New Zealand? ICEF Monitor, 30 November.
ICEF (2023). Surge in new students has ELICOS sector leading Australian growth for 2022. ICEF Monitor, 8 March.
Interagency Coordination Platform for Refugees and Migrants (R4V) (n.d.). Refugees and migrants from Venezuela. Web site (accessed on 11 June 2023).
Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) (2023) Statement by principals of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, on the situation in Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territory, “we need an immediate humanitarian ceasefire”. Press release, 5 November.
IASC and European Commission (2022). INFORM Report 2022: Shared Evidence for Managing Crises and Disasters. EUR 31081 EN. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) (2020). IGAD Protocol on Transhumance, endorsed on 27 February.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2022a). Fact sheet – North America: Climate change impacts and risks. December.
IPCC (2022b). Fact sheet – small islands: Climate change impacts and risks. November.
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) (2021). 2021 Global Report on Internal Displacement: Internal Displacement in a Changing Climate. IDMC, Geneva.
IDMC (2022a). Country Profile: Japan. Displacement data (accessed 17 August 2023).
IDMC (2022b). 2022 Global Report on Internal Displacement: Children and Youth in Internal Displacement. IDMC, Geneva.
IDMC (2023a). 2023 Global Report on Internal Displacement: Internal Displacement and Food Security. IDMC, Geneva.
IDMC (2023b). Country profile: Chile. Displacement data (accessed 17 August 2023).
IDMC (n.d.) Global internal displacement database. Data set (accessed 27 November 2023).
IDMC and Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2022). Disaster Displacement in Asia and the Pacific: A Business Case for Investment in Prevention and Solutions. IDMC, Geneva.
International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) (2023). ICMPD migration outlook: Eastern Europe and Central Asia 2023. February.
International Crisis Group (ICG) (2022). Ecuador’s high tide of drug violence. 4 November. ICG (2023). Latin America wrestles with a new crime wave. 12 May.
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) (n.d.). Mexico and Central American migration crisis (MDR43008).
International Labour Organization (ILO) (2021). ILO Global Estimates on International Migrant Workers: Results and Methodology. Third edition. ILO, Geneva.
ILO (n.d.). Labour migration in Central and Eastern Europe. Web page.
International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2022a). A Region on the Move 2021: East and Horn of Africa. IOM, Nairobi.
IOM (IOM) (2022b). Central Sahel crisis response plan 2022. 22 February.
IOM (2022c). IOM Yemen Flow Monitoring Registry: Non-Yemeni migrant arrivals and Yemeni migrant returns to Yemen in 2022. March.
IOM (2022d). Bosnia and Herzegovina — Flow Monitoring Surveys’ Report. Round 4 (4 July –11 September 2022). IOM, Sarajevo.
IOM (2022e). Estudio de impacto económico de la migración venezolana en Panamá: Realidad vs potencial. October.
IOM (2022f). 96,000 Haitians displaced by recent gang violence in capital: IOM report. Press release, 28 October.
IOM (2022g). IOM statement on the Los Angeles Declaration on Migration and Protection. Press release, 15 June.
IOM) (2023a). The Southern Dream: Exploring Migration Dynamics from the Horn of Africa to South Africa Along the Southern Route. IOM, Nairobi.
IOM (2023b). IOM East and Horn of Africa drought response: Situation report. 1–31 May 2023. May.
IOM (2023c). Irregular migration routes to Europe: West and Central Africa. January–December 2022. March.
IOM (2023d). Situation analysis on trafficking in persons for the purpose of forced criminality in Southeast Asia. 28 March.
IOM (2023e). IOM and UNHCR urge Pakistan to maintain protection space for Afghans in need of safety. Press release, 7 October.
IOM (2023f). 2023 Earthquakes displacement overview – Türkiye. March.
IOM (2023g). IOM appeals for USD 69 million to respond to crisis in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, urges humanitarian access. Press release, 20 October.
IOM (2023h). IOM flash appeal: Regional humanitarian response to the crisis in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. October.
IOM (2023i). Deaths on migration routes in MENA highest since 2017: IOM 2022 data reveals. Press release, 13 June.
IOM (2023j). Flow monitoring registry dashboard: Non-Yemeni migrant arrivals and Yemeni returnees in April 2023. DTM, May.
IOM (2023k). Missing Migrants Project annual regional overview: Middle East and North Africa, January 2022–December 2022. 13 June.
IOM (2023l). Migration Trends in the Western Balkans in 2022.
IOM (2023m). UK “illegal migration bill” exacerbates risks for survivors of modern slavery: IOM. Press release, 28 March.
IOM (2023n). Mixed migration flows to Europe by sea and land. Data set (accessed 17 August 2023). IOM (2023o). Migration flow to Europe: Arrivals. Data set (accessed 17 August 2023).
IOM (2023p). UN Network on Migration welcomes Brazil’s return to the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration. Press release, 9 January.
IOM (2023q). Venezuelan refugees, migrants, and their hosts need help to chart a brighter future. Press release, 14 March.
IOM (2023r). The Darien: Where dread and faith collide for migrants betting on a brighter future. Press release, 19 May.
IOM (2023s). Reporte regional – Centroamérica, Norteamérica y el Caribe: Enero-Junio 2022. February.
IOM (2023t). Number of migrants who embarked on the dangerous Darien Gap route nearly doubled in 2022. Press release, 17 January.
IOM (2023u). Unprecedented migrant surge in Central America and Mexico; IOM calls for regional action. Press release, 27 September.
IOM (2023v). Migrants’ repatriation and reception assistance in Haiti. April. IOM (2023w). Missing Migrants Project: Global data overview.
IOM (n.d.a). Sudan crisis: Displacement in Sudan and mixed cross-border movement overview. Data set (accessed 15 August 2023).
IOM (n.d.b). Libya: Middle East and North Africa. Data set (accessed 15 August 2023). IOM (n.d.c). West and Central Africa. Web page.
IOM (n.d.d). West and Central Africa: The regional migration context. Web page (accessed on 6 December 2023). IOM (n.d.e). Victims from Asia. Data set (accessed 16 August 2023).
IOM and International Labour Organization (ILO) (2022). Climate change and labour mobility in Pacific Island countries. Policy Brief, June.
IOM and World Food Programme (WFP) (2022). Understanding the adverse drivers and implications of migration from El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. IOM and WFP, Panamá and San José.
Issue-Based Coalition on Human Mobility (IBC) (2023). IBC human mobility (December 2022–January 2023).
Japan News. (2022). Japan to accept more workers from Central Asia. 18 December.
Jesperson, S., H. Alffram, L. Denney and P. Domingo (2022). Labour migration in Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam: Migrants’ vulnerabilities and capacities across the labour migration cycle. Overseas Development Institute thematic brief, December.
Karp, P. (2023). Australia’s “broken” migration system leaves 1.8m workers “permanently temporary”, review finds. The Guardian, 26 April.
Kean, T. (2022). Five years on, Rohingya refugees face dire conditions and a long road ahead. International Crisis Group interview, 22 August.
Khashimov, S., R. Zhandayeva, K. Nuranova and Z. Aisarina (2020). Introducing the Central Asia Migration Tracker. The Oxus Society, December.
Knott (2023). Australian international education recovery gathering momentum, arrival data shows. Study Travel, 17 April.
Lacarte, V., J. Amaral, D. Chaves-González, A.M. Sáiz and J. Harris (2023). Migration, integration, and diaspora engagement in the Caribbean: A policy review. MPI and IDB, March.
Mahmud, F. (2022). Bangladesh floods: Experts say climate crisis worsening situation. Al Jazeera, 22 June.
McAuliffe, M. (2017). Protection elsewhere, resilience here: Introduction to the special issue on statelessness, irregularity, and protection in Southeast Asia. Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies. 15(3):221–231.
McAuliffe, M. and B. Khadria (eds.) (2019). World Migration Report 2020. IOM, Geneva.
McAuliffe, M. and A. Triandafyllidou (eds.) (2021). World Migration Report 2022. IOM, Geneva.
Mentzelopoulou, M. (2022). Instrumentalisation in the field of migration and asylum. European Parliamentary Research Service briefing, November.
Mérancourt, W. and A. Coletta (2023). Dominican Republic sending children, pregnant migrants back to Haiti. The Washington Post, 17 March.
Mercado Común del Sur (Southern Common Market) (MERCOSUR) (n.d.). MERCOSUR countries. Migration Policy Institute (MPI) (2022). Top 10 migration issues of 2022. Migration Information Source.
Member States of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), the East Africa Community (EAC) and States of the East and Horn of Africa (2022). Kampala Ministerial Declaration on Migration, Environment and Climate Change, adopted on 29 July.
Mixed Migration Centre (MMC) (2023). Quarterly mixed migration update: Latin America and the Caribbean. Quarter 4.
Moderan, O. (2023). Tunisia’s xenophobic plans backfire on its fragile economy. Institute for Security Studies, 6 April.
Morris, L. (2022). Bulgaria’s vanishing act: Population dives by more than 11 percent over the past decade. The Washington Post, 7 January.
Movilidad Segura (n.d.). General information on the “Safe Mobility” initiative. Web page (accessed 28 November 2023).
Munda, C. (2022). Saudi remittances to Kenya double to $187m amid maids abuse. The EastAfrican, 23 September.
National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (n.d.). Wildfire climate connection. Web page (accessed 28 November 2023).
Ndiaga, T. and E. Mcallister (2022). African Union suspends Burkina Faso after military coup. Reuters, 1 February.
Neidhardt, A.-H. and P. Butcher (2022). Disinformation on migration: How lies, half-truths, and mischaracterizations spread. Migration Policy Institute, 8 September.
Ng, K. (2023). China’s population falls for first time since 1961. BBC News, 17 January.
Nikkei Asia (2023). Japan shoots for 400,000 foreign students by 2033. 17 March.
Nkang, I.-O. (2019). Europe’s search for soccer’s next big star is driving a modern-day slave trade. Quartz, 14 August.
Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) (2022). NRC’s operations in Djibouti. Fact sheet, September.
NRC (2023). Millions in North Central America engulfed by war-like levels of violence. Press release, 24 April.
Obert, J.D. (2022). “Women’s bodies weaponized”: Haiti gangs use rape in spiraling violence. The Guardian, 14 November.
Ochab, E.U. (2022). Sudan: Between violence, humanitarian crisis and protests. Forbes, 30 December.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) (2021). Experts of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination ask Lebanon about the kafala system for migrant domestic workers, the absence of a definition of racial discrimination, and the treatment of refugees. Press release, 11 August.
OHCHR (2022a). Nowhere but back: Migrants in Libya compelled to accept “voluntary” return. Press release, 2 November.
OHCHR (2022b). Comment by UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk on deportation of Haitians from Dominican Republic. Press release, 10 November.
OHCHR (2023a). Tunisia must immediately stop hate speech and violence against migrants from south of Sahara, UN committee issues early warning. Press release, 4 April.
OHCHR (2023b). Bangladesh must suspend pilot project to return Rohingya refugees to Myanmar: UN expert. Press release, 8 June.
OHCHR (2023c). Ukraine: Civilian casualty update 10 April 2023. Press release, 10 April.
OHCHR (2023d). Italy: Proposed new sea rescue law puts more lives at risk – Türk. Press release, 16 February.
OHCHR (2023e). Haiti: UN experts say Government must act to end gang violence against women and girls. Press release, 10 May.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2022). Labour migration in the Western Balkans: Mapping patterns, addressing challenges and reaping benefits.
Osserman, S. and Y. Zhou (2022). How migration has shaped the World Cup. Vox, 8 December.
Oucho, L.A., L. Kandilige and P. Kazmierkiewicz (2023). Labour Mobility and Regional Integration in East and Horn of Africa. IOM, Geneva.
Pallapothu, V. (2021). A feminist foreign policy approach to immigration. The Gender Security Project, 18 January.
Parker, C. (2023). Migrants flee Tunisia amid arrests and racist attacks on sub-Saharan Africans. The Washington Post, 8 March.
Paul, R. (2023). Rohingya say will not go home to Myanmar to be stuck in camps. Reuters, 6 May.
Perlmutter, L. (2022). Cubans choose exile to escape post-protest political crackdown. The Guardian, 24 March.
Perlmutter, L. (2023). Thousands of Cubans left scrambling after new US asylum policy. Al Jazeera, 26 January. Pickup. F. (2020). How to address a shrinking population. Blog post. UNDP Serbia, 22 January.
Plan International (2023). Adolescent girls in crisis: Experiences of migration in Central America and Mexico. Executive summary. Plan International, Madrid.
Porter, E. (2022). Migrant workers face worse choices than building World Cup stadiums. The Washington Post, 29 November.
Rahman, S.A. (2023). HRW calls for halt to Rohingya repatriation from Bangladesh to Myanmar. Voice of America, 20 May.
Reuters (2022). Kazakhstan struggles to accommodate Russians fleeing war. 27 September. Reuters (2023a). “I lost everything”: Cyclone Yaku unleashes destruction in Peru. 15 March.
Reuters (2023b). El Salvador murders plummet by over half in 2022 amid gang crackdown. 3 January.
Roome, J. (2022). SouthAsia4Climate: Solutions to tackle climate change in South Asia. Blog post. World Bank, 10 February.
Roy, D. (2022). Ten graphics that explain the US struggle with migrant flows in 2022. Council on Foreign Relations, 1 December.
Ruiz Soto, A.G. (2022). Record-breaking migrant encounters at the US–Mexico border overlook the bigger story. Migration Policy Institute, October.
Salomon, G. (2022). Cubans flee island’s economic woes by air, land and sea. AP news, 29 August.
Schenk, C. (2023). Post-Soviet labor migrants in Russia face new questions amid war in Ukraine. Migration Policy Institute, 7 February.
Selee, A. (2022). The Los Angeles Declaration could represent a big step for real migration cooperation across the Americas. Migration Policy Institute, June.
Selee, A., V. Lacarte, A.G. Ruiz Soto, D. Chaves-González, M.J. Mora and A. Tanco (2023). In a dramatic shift, the Americas have become a leading migration destination. Migration Policy Institute, 11 April.
Sesin, C. (2022). Historic wave of Cuban migrants will have a lasting impact on Florida. NBC News, 16 December.
Singh, J.N. (2023). Why so many of the world’s students want to go to Chinese universities. Pod cast. Open Democracy, 1 February.
Smith, H. (2022). “We all want to leave”: Poverty, not crime, fuels the urge to flee Albania. The Guardian, 5 November.
Smith, R. (2022). At this World Cup, nationality is a fluid concept. The New York Times, 18 December.
Spagat, E. (2022). Illegal border crossings to US from Mexico hit annual high. AP News, 23 October.
Suk, L.Y. and C. Yang (2023). South Korea to bring in 110,000 migrant workers this year, but some businesses want more. Channel News Asia, 26 January.
Sultanalieva, S. (2022). Kyrgyzstan-Tajikistan border clashes prove deadly for civilians. Human Rights Watch, 21 September.
Summit of the Americas Heads of State (2022). Los Angeles Declaration on Migration and Protection, adopted on 10 June.
Talant, B. (2022). How is climate change affecting Central Asia? Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 1 July.
Terry, K. and A. Rai (2023). Amid record drought and food insecurity, east Africa’s protracted humanitarian crisis worsens. Migration Policy Institute, 18 January.
Tumin, R. (2023). Here is how to help more than 20,000 Canadians displaced by wildfires. The New York Times, 9 June.
United Nations (2022a). Pakistan: To avert “second wave of death”, UN raises funding appeal to $816 million. UN News, 4 October.
United Nations (2022b). Afghanistan: Food insecurity and malnutrition threaten “an entire generation”. UN News, 15 March.
United Nations (2023a). Afghanistan still a grave humanitarian crisis, senior aid official says. UN News, 28 February.
United Nations (2023b). UN officials call for Security Council’s support for post-quake Syria. UN News, 28 February.
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2023a). Child alert: Extreme jeopardy in the central Sahel. March.
UNICEF (2023b). Chile emergency: Wildfires in Chile. Humanitarian situation flash note, 13 February.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) (2020). International Migrant Stock 2020. United Nations database (POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2020).
UN DESA (2021). International Migrant Stock 2020. Data set (accessed 15 August 2023).
UN DESA (2022). World Population Prospects 2022. Web page (accessed on 27 November 2023).
UN DESA (n.d.). Methodology: Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49). Statistics Division, web page (accessed on 6 December 2023).
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2022a). Central Asia needs to take more action on climate change risks. Press release, 2 December.
UNDP (2022b). Building resilient futures in the Caribbean. Press release, 14 November.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) (2022). Mixed migration by land and by sea to Europe: recovery after a transient pandemic impact. Working paper 16, October.
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) (2022). WMO issues report State of Climate in Latin America and Caribbean. 22 July.
United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) (2022). Feminist foreign policies: An introduction. Brief.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Office of the (UNHCR) (2020). Thousands of refugees and migrants suffer extreme rights abuses on journeys to Africa’s Mediterranean coast, new UNHCR/MMC report shows. Press release, 29 July.
UNHCR (2022a). UK asylum and policy and the Illegal Migration Act. Press release, 7 March.
UNHCR (2022b). Temporary Protection Status in Colombia, a journey to regularization. Press release, 18 July. UNHCR (2023a). Global trends: Forced displacement in 2022. June.
UNHCR (2023b). UNHCR’s drought response in Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia. 31 January. UNHCR (2023c). Operational data portal: Sudan situation. Data set (accessed 15 August 2023).
UNHCR (2023d). UNHCR seeks comprehensive regional response to address rise in deadly South-East Asia sea journeys. Briefing note, 17 January.
UNHCR (2023e). UNHCR statement on Bangladesh, Myanmar bilateral pilot project on Rohingya returns. Press release, 19 March.
UNHCR (2023f). Middle East and North Africa. Web page. UNHCR (2023g). Ukraine situation Flash Update #45. 21 April.
UNHCR (2023h). Operational data portal: Ukraine refugee situation. Data set (accessed 16 August 2023). UNHCR (2023i). Venezuela situation: 2023 operational update #1. March.
UNHCR (n.d.a). Refugee data finder. Data set (accessed 28 November 2023). UNHCR (n.d.b). Rohingya emergency (accessed on 23 October 2023).
UNHCR (n.d.c). Venezuela situation. Web page (accessed 28 November 2023).
UNHCR and IOM (2023). UNHCR-IOM flash update #3: Arrest and detention flow monitoring. 1 November.
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (2021). Libya: Climate change threatens Libya’s economic development and sustainability. 26 August.
OCHA (2022a). Latin America and the Caribbean: Weekly situation update (15–21 August 2022). 22 August. OCHA (2022b). Pacific Islands. Humanitarian Action: Analysing Needs and Responses, 30 November.
OCHA (2023a). Malawi: Tropical Cyclone Freddy: Flash update No. 7. 22 March. OCHA (2023b). Humanitarian update: Issue 12. OCHA Syria, May.
OCHA (2023c). Ukraine Humanitarian Response 2023. Situation report, 23 November.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2023a). West Africa, North Africa and the Central Mediterranean. UNODC Observatory on Smuggling of Migrants, 20 June.
UNODC (2023b). Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2022. UNODC, Vienna.
United States (US) Customs and Border Protection (2023). Nationwide Encounters. Data set (accessed 17 August 2023).
United States Department of Homeland Security (US DHS) (2023). Fact sheet: US Government announces sweeping new actions to manage regional migration. 27 April.
United States (US) Department of State (2022). 2022 Trafficking in persons report. July.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (n.d.). Climate change indicators in the United States. Web page (accessed on 31 July 2023).
Walt, V. (2022). The Morocco vs. France World Cup semifinal is about far more than soccer. Time, 14 December.
Wehrey, F. and N. Fawal (2022). Cascading climate effects in the Middle East and North Africa: Adapting through inclusive governance. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 24 February.
Whyte, A. (2022). Major reforms to NZ immigration settings announced. One News, 11 May.
Wienberg, C. (2022). Denmark moves closer to sending asylum seekers to Rwanda. Bloomberg, 9 September. Williams, S.T. (2023). Libya’s hybrid armed groups dilemma. Brookings Institute, 27 January.
Wilson Center (2022). The impact of violence against women on Central American migration. Video presentation, 15 June.
Wolter, M. (2019). Migrating for football: The harsh reality behind the dream. InfoMigrants, 24 September.
World Bank (2023a). Remittances remain resilient but are slowing. Migration and Development Brief 38. KNOMAD, June.
World Bank (2023b). Dexibel’s journey: From distressed migrant to entrepreneur; Colombia: Better outcomes through integration; World development report 2023. Video presentation, 16 June.
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) (2022). State of the Climate in Latin America and the Caribbean 2021. WMO, Geneva.
WMO (2023). Tropical Cyclone Freddy may set new record. Press release, 10 March.
Yamamoto, C. (2023). Kishida sets goal of 400,000 international students in 2033. The Asahi Shimbun, 2 April.
Yates, C. (2019). As more migrants from Africa and Asia arrive in Latin America, governments seek orderly and controlled pathways. Migration Policy Institute, 22 October.
Yates, C. and J. Bolter (2021). African migration through the Americas: Drivers, routes and policy responses. Migration Policy Institute, October.
Yeung, J. and M. Maruyama (2023). Japan births fall to record low as population crisis deepens. CNN, 1 March.
Yokohama, S. (2022). Japan and South Korea are allowing in some foreign workers. The Economist, 3 November.
* All hyperlinks were working at the time of writing this report.