Appendix B

Government responses to minimize COVID-19 transmission in Africa, Asia and Europe, by number of countries (January 2020 to January 2023)

Source: Hale et al., 2023.

Note: As at 1 January 2023. The term “international travel controls” is used by Oxford, and includes screening arrivals, quarantining arrivals, banning arrivals or total border closure. It is also important to note that categories are COVID-19-related only and do not reflect other travel restrictions that may have already been in place, such as those related to visa restrictions, entry bans based on specific citizens, and departure or exit restrictions.