World Migration Report 2024: Chapter 5
References*
Abbasi-Shavazi, M.J., D. Glazebrook, H. Mahmoudian, G. Jamshidiha and R. Sadeghi (2005). Return to Afghanistan? A study of Afghans living in Zahedan, Islamic Republic of Iran. Case Study Series. University of Tehran, Afghan Research and Evaluation Unit, October.
Africa Development Bank Group (AfDB Group) (2020). Burkina Faso – Projet d’aide humanitaire d’urgence aux personnes déplacées internes (PAPDI). Rapport d’évaluation, 16 November.
AfDB Group (2022). Burkina Faso: African Development Bank supports government efforts to relieve Internally Displaced Persons. Press release, 27 September.
Agence France Presse (AFP) (2022). Death toll tops 50 in suicide attack on female Afghan students, UN says. France 24, 3 October.
Al Jazeera (2022). Burkina Faso’s coup and political situation: All you need to know. 5 October.
Armocida B, B. Formenti, F. Palestra, S. Ussai and E. Missoni (2020). COVID-19: Universal health coverage now more than ever. Journal of Global Health, 10(1):010350.
Arowolo, O.O. (2000). Return migration and the problem of reintegration. International Migration, 38:59–82.
Bahar, D., M. Dooley and C. Huang (2018). Integrating Venezuelans into the Colombian labor market: Mitigating costs and maximizing benefits. Policy brief. Brookings Institute, December.
Baldwin, D.A. (1997). The concept of security. Review of International Studies, 23(1):5–26.
Batha, E. (2022). Taliban U-turn leaves Afghan girls shut out of school. Thomson Reuters Foundation, 23 March.
Battistella, G. (2018). Return migration: A conceptual and policy framework. In: 2018 International Migration Policy Report: Perspectives on the Content and Implementation of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration (J.K. Appleby and D. Kerwin, eds.). Scalabrini Migration Study Centres, New York, pp. 3–14.
Bauloz, C., M. McAdam and J. Teye (2021). Human trafficking in migration pathways: Trends, challenges and new forms of cooperation. In: World Migration Report 2022 (M. McAuliffe and A. Triandafyllidou, eds.). IOM, Geneva, pp. 255–278.
Bauloz, C., Z. Vathi and D. Acosta (2019). Migration, inclusion and social cohesion: Challenges, recent developments and opportunities. In: World Migration Report 2020 (M. McAuliffe and B. Khadria, eds.). IOM, Geneva, pp. 167–210.
BBC News (2020). Christchurch shooting: Gunman Tarrant wanted to kill “as many as possible”. BBC News, 24 August.
Belong Aotearoa (n.d.). Anti-racism resources: Information and guidance to give you the tools and confidence to help challenge racism. Web page (accessed 19 July 2023).
Ben Hassen, T. and H. El Bilali (2022). Impacts of the Russia–Ukraine war on global food security: Towards more sustainable and resilient food systems? Foods, 11(15):2301.
Bisong, A. (2019). “Acting together”: How non-state actors shape migration policies in West Africa. Working Paper No. 2019(2). University of Ghana MIASA, Accra, November.
Ble, M.G. and S.L. Villamil (2022). An opportunity for change: The case for economic inclusion of Venezuelans in Riohacha. Report. Refugees International and Center for Global Development, May.
Booty, M. (2022). Mali and Burkina Faso: Did the coups halt jihadist attacks? BBC News, 30 July.
Brennan, E.M. (1984). Irregular migration: Policy responses in Africa and Asia. The International Migration Review, 18(3):409–425.
Cachin, J. (2021). La ville de Zurich veut créer une “city card” pour ses sans-papiers. RTS Info, 3 September. Canada, Government of (2014). Women at Risk Program. UN-Women web page.
Canada, Government of (2019). Canadians can now identify as gender “X” on their passports. Press release, 4 June. Canada, Government of (2022). CIMM – Racialized Newcomer Women Pilot – 03 March, 2022. Web page.
Canada, Government of (n.d.a). Women and Gender Equality Canada: Gender Results Framework. Web page (accessed 13 October 2022).
Canada, Government of (n.d.b). Women and Gender Equality Canada: Gender-based Analysis Plus (GBA PLUS). Web page (accessed 13 October 2022).
Canada, Government of (n.d.c). Home Child Care Provider Pilot and Home Support Worker Pilot: Assessing the application against selection criteria. Web page (accessed 13 October 2022).
Caponio, T. and M. Jones-Correa (2018). Theorising migration policy in multilevel states: The multilevel governance perspective. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(12):1995–2010.
Carling, J. (2002). Migration in the age of involuntary immobility: Theoretical reflections and Cape Verdean experiences. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 28(1):5–42.
Carling, J. and K. Schewel (2018). Revisiting aspiration and ability in international migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(6):945–963.
Carrera, S., J. Allsopp and L. Vosyliūtė (2018). Policing the mobility society: The effects of EU anti-migrant smuggling policies on humanitarianism. International Journal of Migration and Border Studies, 4(3):236–276.
Castro, A. (2021). Displaced Venezuelans in Latin America: A Test of Regional Solidarity? Notes de l’Ifri. Ifri, Paris.
Chetail, V. (2020). Crisis without borders: What does international law say about border closure in the context of COVID-19? Frontiers in Political Science, 2:606307.
Colombia, Gobierno de (2023). Migración Colombia inicia esta semana “Entregatón” de Permisos por Protección Temporal PPT. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores press release, 17 July.
Colombia, Presidencia de (2021). Abecé del Estatuto Temporal de Protección para migrantes Venezolanos. Press release, 9 February.
Colombia, Presidencia de (2022). Declaración del Presidente Iván Duque sobre la entrega a migrantes venezolanos de un millón de tarjetas a través del Estatuto Temporal de Protección. Speech, 1 June.
Commission on Human Security (2003). Human Security Now. New York, Commission on Human Security.
Conseil National de Secours D’Urgence et de Rehabilitation (CONASUR) (2021). Enregistrement des personnes deplacees internes du Burkina Faso. No. 12/2021, 31 December.
CONASUR (2022). Enregistrement des personnes deplacees internes du Burkina Faso. No. 01/2022, 31 January.
Crépeau, F. (2018). Towards a mobile and diverse world: “Facilitating mobility” as a central objective of the Global Compact on Migration. International Journal of Refugee Law, 30(4):650–656.
Culloty, E., J. Suiter, I. Viriri and S. Creta (2021). Disinformation about migration: An age-old issue with new tech dimensions. In: World Migration Report 2022 (M. McAuliffe and A. Triandafyllidou, eds.). IOM, Geneva, pp. 217–231.
Czaika, M. and H. de Haas (2014). The effect of visa policies on international migration dynamics. Working Paper No. 89, International Migration Institute (IMI), April.
Danish Refugee Council (DRC) (2021). Press release: DRC commends Colombia’s decision to regularize Venezuelan migrants. 10 February.
Da Rosa Jorge, M. (2021). European Union readmission agreements: Deportation as a gateway to displacement? In: Dignity in Movement: Borders, Bodies and Rights (J.L. Diab, ed.). E-International Relations, Bristol, pp. 236–256.
De Lauri, A. (2022). Humanitarian negotiations, diplomacy and the ethics of border control. Open Access Government, 2 December.
Depasupil, W.B. (2022). Migrant workers dept paves way for job opportunities for OFWs. The Manila Times, 27 September.
Doty, R.L. (2011). Bare life: Border-crossing deaths and spaces of moral alibi. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 29(4):599–612.
Faist, T. (2004). The migration–security nexus. International migration and security before and after 9/11. Willy Brandt Series of Working Papers in International Migration and Ethnic Relations 4/03, Malmo University, Sweden.
Farr, G. (2022). Female education in Afghanistan after the return of the Taliban. E-International Relations, 23 April.
Ferris, E. and S. Martin (2019). The global compacts on refugees and for safe, orderly and regular migration: Introduction to the special issue. International Migration, 57(6):5–18.
Fisher, M. (2017). “Fearism”: A critical analysis of uses and discourses in global migration studies. Technical Paper No. 64, In Search of Fearlessness Research Institute.
Freier, L.F. and S.C. Jara (2021). Colombia’s exceptional migratory regularization. Migration Mobilities Bristol Latin America blog, 30 March.
Friedman, T.L. (2016). Thank You for Being Late: An Optimist’s Guide to Thriving in the Age of Accelerations. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York.
Fund for Peace (FFP) (2022). Fragile States Index Annual Report 2022. FFP, Washington, D.C.
Global Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT) (n.d.). Preventing terrorists and violent extremists from exploiting digital platforms. Web page (accessed 16 October 2022).
Gois, W. and K. Campbell (2013). Stranded migrants: A call to rethink the current labour migration paradigm.
Migration and Development, 2(2):157–172.
Gonzalez Morales, F. (2021). United Nations Human Rights Council, Report on means to address the human rights impact of pushbacks of migrants on land and at sea (A/HRC/47/30).
Goodwin-Gill, G. (2005). The Refugees Convention: Why not scrap it? International Law Programme Discussion Group, discussion summary. Chatham House, London, 20 October.
Gould, W.T.S. (1974). Refugees in tropical Africa. International Migration Review, 8(3):413–430.
Gould, W.T.S. and R.M. Prothero (1975). Time and space in African population mobility. In: People on the Move: Studies on Internal Migration (L.A. Kosinski and R.M. Prothero, eds.). Methuen, London, pp. 39–49.
Gutierrez, A.M.S. (2012). Preventing human trafficking in the Philippines: Overview and current activities. UNAFEI 150th International Senior Seminar, Participants Papers, pp. 156–163.
Hosseini-Chavoshi, M. and M.J. Abbasi-Shavazi (2023). Breaking a vicious cycle: Education as the solution to Afghanistan’s woes. Migration Policy Practice, 12(1):11–17.
Hugo, G., M.J. Abbasi-Shavazi and R. Sadeghi (2012). Refugee movement and development: Afghan refugees in Iran. Migration and Development, 1(2):261–279.
Human Rights Watch (HRW) (2020). Colombia/Venezuela: Grupos armados controlan la vida de la población. 22 January.
Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) (2022). Global Peace Index 2022: Measuring peace in a complex world. June.
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) (2022). 2022 Global Report on Internal Displacement. Norwegian Refugee Council, Geneva.
IDMC (2023). 2023 Global Report on Internal Displacement. Norwegian Refugee Council (NFC), Geneva. International Labour Organization (ILO) (2020). World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2020. ILO, Geneva. ILO (n.d.). Conventions and recommendations. Web page (accessed 1 June 2023).
International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2018). Best practices: IOM migrant training / pre-departure orientation programmes. IOM Migrant Training Programmes.
IOM (2019a). Glossary on Migration. International Migration Law, No. 34. IOM, Geneva.
IOM (2019b). IOM Handbook on Protection and Assistance to Migrants Vulnerable to Violence, Exploitation and Abuse. IOM, Geneva.
IOM (2019c). Migration Governance Indicators: A Global Perspective. IOM, Geneva.
IOM (2020a). West and Central Africa: More women search for equality through migration. Press release, 13 March. IOM (2020b). Cross-border human mobility amid and after COVID-19. Policy paper, 21 July.
IOM (2022a). IOM’S policy on the full spectrum of return, readmission and reintegration.
IOM (2022b). The Migration Governance Indicators (MGI): A key tool for the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration implementation. Guidance note.
IOM (2022c). Burkina Faso Crisis Response Plan 2023. Global Crisis Response Platform, 15 December.
Iqbal, M. and M. McAuliffe (2022). The “Eighth Phase” of Afghan Displacement: Situating the Top Ten Issues for Policymakers. Migration Research Series No. 71. IOM, Geneva.
Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2003). Submission of report by Commission on Human Security to Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan. Media release, 1 May.
Jayasuriya, D. (2016). Labour migration as an alternative for asylum seekers facing protection issues: A Sri Lanka- based longitudinal study. Australian Government, Department of Immigration and Border Protection (DIBP), Research Programme Occasional Paper Series No. 22/2016.
Kamenetz, A. (2021). A picture book about children at the border aims to spark family conversations. NPR, 12 April.
Kaufmann, D. and D. Strebel (2020). Urban policies in support of irregular migrants in Geneva and Zürich. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Swiss Political Science Association: The De-and Re-nationalization of Political Conflicts in a Digital Age (SVPW/ASSP 2020), Lucerne, 3–4 February.
Kaufmann, E. (2017). Why values, not economics, hold the key to the populist right – And to crafting new migration narratives. In: Migration Research Leaders’ Syndicate: Ideas to Inform International Cooperation on Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (M. McAuliffe and M. Klein Solomon, convenors). IOM, Geneva.
Khoury, C.K., H.A. Achicanoy, A. Harold, A.D. Bjorkman, C. Navarro-Racines, L. Guarino, X. Flores-Palacios, J.M.M. Engels, J.H. Wiersema, H. Dempewolf, S. Sotelo, J. Ramírez-Villegas, N.P. Castañeda-Álvarez, C. Fowler, A. Jarvis, L.H. Rieseberg and P.C. Struik (2016). Origins of food crops connect countries worldwide. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 283(1832):20160792.
Kleist, N. (2020). Trajectories of involuntary return migration to Ghana: Forced relocation processes and post-return life. Geoforum, (116):272–281.
Kolet, M., G. Bhoje, S. Kuwari and S. Bolinjkar (2021). Contribution of women’s groups from Bhiwandi (Dist. Thane) in operating community kitchens and providing free meals to stranded migrant workforce during COVID-19 lockdown. J-BNB: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 10:54–58.
Koser, K. (2005). Irregular migration, state security and human security. Paper prepared for the Global Commission on International Migration, September.
Koser, K. and A. Cunningham (2017). Migration and violent extremism. In: World Migration Report 2018 (M. McAuliffe and M Ruhs, eds.). IOM, Geneva.
Lamarche, A. (2020). France has a big opportunity to help stabilize the Sahel. Blog post. UN Dispatch, 13 January. Little, A. (2022). Food Is just as vital as oil to national security. Bloomberg, 7 March.
Majidi, N., H. Crawley, L. Guadagno and C. Kasavan (2019). Migrants caught in crises: Contexts, responses and innovation. In: World Migration Report 2020 (M. McAuliffe and B. Khadria, eds.). IOM, Geneva, pp. 271–289.
Martin, S. and S. Weerasinghe (2017). Global migration governance: Existing architecture and recent developments. In: World Migration Report 2018 (M. McAuliffe and M. Ruhs eds.). IOM, Geneva.
Massey, D.S., J. Arango, G. Hugo, A. Kouaouci, A. Pellegrino and E. Taylor (1998). Worlds in Motion: Understanding International Migration at the End of the Millennium. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Mauldin, J. (2018). The age of change is coming, and these tech trends will drive economic growth. Forbes, 29 August.
Mbiyozo, A. (2019). Returning migrants: Europe’s focus, but at what cost? Institute for Security Studies policy brief 127, April.
McAuliffe, M. (2020). Immobility as the Ultimate “Migration Disrupter”: An initial analysis of COVID-19 and the Securitization of Migration. Migration Research Series No. 64. IOM, Geneva.
McAuliffe, M. By the wayside: Gender dimensions of stranded migrants during the COVID-19 crisis. In: Research Handbook on Migration, Gender and COVID-19 (M. McAuliffe and C. Bauloz, eds.). Edward Elgar, London (forthcoming).
McAuliffe, M., G. Abel, L.A. Oucho and A. Sawyer (2021b). International migration as a stepladder of opportunity: What do the global data actually show? In: World Migration Report 2022 (M. McAuliffe and A. Triandafyllidou, eds.). IOM, Geneva.
McAuliffe, M., L.F. Freier, R. Skeldon and J. Blower (2021a). The great disrupter: COVID-19’s impact on migration, mobility and migrants globally. In: World Migration Report 2022 (M. McAuliffe and A. Triandafyllidou, eds.). IOM, Geneva.
McAuliffe, M. and A.M. Goossens (2018). Regulating international migration in an era of increasing interconnectedness. In: Handbook of Migration and Globalization (A. Triandafyllidou ed.). Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 86–104.
McAuliffe, M., A. Kitimbo and B. Khadria (2019). Reflections on migrants’ contributions in an era of increasing disruption and disinformation. In: World Migration Report 2020 (M. McAuliffe and B. Khadria, eds.). IOM, Geneva, pp. 128–165.
McAuliffe, M. and M. Ruhs (eds) (2017). World Migration Report 2018. IOM, Geneva.
McAuliffe, M. and A. Triandafyllidou (2021). Report overview: Technological, geopolitical and environmental transformations shaping our migration and mobility futures. In: World Migration Report 2022 (M. McAuliffe and A. Triandafyllidou, eds.). IOM, Geneva.
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) (2022). Enormous needs for hundreds of thousands of people displaced by ongoing conflict and insecurity. Project update, 27 June.
Migrant Integration Policy Index (MIPEX) (2020). Measuring Policies to Integrate Migrants across six continents. CIDOB and MPG, Barcelona and Brussels.
Migrants in Countries in Crisis Initiative (MICIC) (2016). Guidelines: To Protect Migrants in Countries Experiencing Conflict or Natural Disaster. IOM, Geneva.
Mixed Migration Centre (MMC) (2022a). Quarterly mixed migration update: Latin America and the Caribbean. Quarter 1.
MMC (2022b). The role of smuggling in Venezuelans’ journey to Colombia and Peru. 4Mi snapshot. January.
Morgan, S. (2018). Fake news, disinformation, manipulation and online tactics to undermine democracy. Journal of Cyber Policy, 3(1):39–43.
New Zealand, Government of (2021). Community perceptions of migrants and immigration. Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, Hīkina Whakatutuki.
New Zealand, Government of (2022). He Whenua Taurikura Hui 2022. Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Te Tari O Te Pirimia Me Te Komiti Matua, 30 October–1 November.
New Zealand, Government of (n.d.). National Action Plan Against Racism. Ministry of Justice.
New Zealand Immigration (n.d.). How we support migrants. Web page (accessed 18 October 2022).
Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) (2022). Burkina Faso: Second biggest spike in displacement since crisis began. Press release, 10 March.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) (2021). Human Rights at International Borders: A Trainer’s Guide. Professional Training Series No. 24. United Nations, Geneva.
OHCHR (2022). Myanmar: UN report urges immediate, concerted effort by international community to stem violence, hold military accountable. Press release, 15 March.
Officials’ Committee for Domestic and External Security Coordination (ODESC) (2020). Countering terrorism and violence extremism: National strategy overview. Counter-Terrorism Coordination Committee.
Ortega, F. and G. Peri (2013). The effect of income and immigration policies on international migration. Migration Studies, 1(1):47–74.
Our World in Data (OWID) (2021). Deaths in state-based conflict. Data set (accessed 30 September 2022).
Putz, C. (2022). Students killed in attack on education center in Kabul’s Hazara neighborhood. The Diplomat, 3 October.
Qazizai, F. and D. Hadid (2022). Taliban reverses decision, barring Afghan girls from attending school beyond 6th grade. NPR, 23 March.
Queen’s University (2020). Multiculturalism policies in contemporary democracies: Results by country for immigrant minorities – New Zealand. Web page (accessed 17 July 2023).
Refugee Sponsorship Training Program (RSTP) (2019). Rainbow Refugee Assistance Partnership (RRAP). Press release, 1 June.
Republic of South Afrca, Border Management Authority (2022). Towards integrated and coordinated border management. Border Management Authority, Special edition newsletter. Issue 1, July.
Republic of South Africa, Government Gazette (2020). Border Management Authority Act (2) of 2020, No. 799. Cape Town (Kaapstad), 21 July.
Republic of the Philippines (2003). Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003: Implementing Rules and Regulations. NCRFW, Manila.
Republic of the Philippines, Department of Justice (2022). Philippines maintains tier 1 status on the 2022 trafficking in persons report. Department of Justice, 22 July.
Republic of the Philippines, Department of Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (n.d.a.). Overseas Workers Welfare Administration. Web page (accessed 30 September 2022).
Republic of the Philippines, Department of Social Welfare and Development (n.d.b.). Recovery and Reintegration Program for Trafficked Persons. Web page (accessed 30 September 2022).
Republic of the Philippines Department of Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (n.d.c.). About the Department of Migrant Workers. Web page (accessed 30 September 2022).
République et Canton de Genève (RCG) (n.d.). Opération Papyrus. Web page (accessed 17 July 2023). Reuters (2022). Work conditions worsen for Venezuelan migrant women in Colombia: Report. 7 March. Samim, M.Y. (2020). The state of youth and adult literacy in Afghanistan. [video]. YouTube, 18 March.
Sans-Papiers Anlaufstelle Zürich (SPAZ) (n.d.). Wer sind Sans-Papiers. Web page (accessed 16 October 2022). Schmeidl, S. (2019). Four decades of Afghan displacement. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (BPB), 23 January.
Schwab, K. (2017). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Crown Business, New York.
Selee, A. and J. Bolter (2021). Colombia’s open-door policy: An innovative approach to displacement? International Migration, 60(1):113–131.
Selee, A. and D. Chavez-González (2022). Support a holistic migration strategy. Atlantic Council, 31 May.
Sinclair, T. and M. Mamertino (2016). Online job search and migration intentions across EU Member States. Working Paper. George Washington University, Institute for International Economic Policy working paper series 2016-5, Washington D.C., April.
Solano, G. and T. Huddleston (2020). Migrant International Policy Index 2020. CIDOB and MPG, Barcelona/Brussels.
Spicer, A. (2022). If “permacrisis” is the word of 2022, what does 2023 have in store for our mental health? The Guardian, 30 December.
Stadt Zürich Präsidialdepartement (n.d.a). Sans Papiers. Web page (accessed 15 October 2022).
Stadt Zürich Präsidialdepartement (n.d.b). Integration policy of the City of Zurich. Web page (accessed 15 October 2022).
Statistics Canada (2021). Labour Force Survey, January 2021. Web page (accessed 17 July 2023). Stats New Zealand (Stats NZ) (2015). Major ethnic groups in New Zealand. Web page, 29 January.
Stritzel, H. (2014). Securitization theory and the Copenhagen School. In: Security in Translation. New Security Challenges series. Palgrave Macmillan, London, pp. 11–37.
Swissinfo.ch (SWI) (2022). Local voters grant Zurich “sanctuary” status. 15 May.
Szaflarski, M. and S. Bauldry (2019). The effects of perceived discrimination on immigrant and refugee physical and mental health. Advances in Medical Sociology, 19:173–204.
Tagliapietra, A. (2021). Media and securitisation: The influence on perception. Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI). Taran, P. (2000). Human rights of migrants: Challenges of the new decade. International Migration, 38(6):7–51.
Timmerman, R.I., A. Leerkes, R. Staring and N. Delvino (2020). “Free in, free out”: Exploring Dutch firewall protections for irregular migrant victims of crime. European Journal of Migration and Law, 22(3):427–455.
Torrado, S. (2021). Colombia buscar regularizar a un millón de venezolanos indocumentados. El País, 8 February.
Turnbull, N. (2022). Permacrisis: What it means and why it’s word of the year for 2022. The Conversation, 11 November.
Tyszler, E. (2019). From controlling mobilities to control over women’s bodies: Gendered effects of EU border externalization in Morocco. Comparative Migration Studies, 7(1):1–20.
Ullah, A.A., N.H. Hasan, S.M. Mohamad and D. Chattoraj (2020). Migration and security: Implications for minority migrant groups. India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs, 76(1):136–153.
United Nations (2012). United Nations General Assembly resolution 66/290, adopted on 10 September (A/RES/66/290).
United Nations (2021). Security Council fails to adopt resolution integrating climate-related security risk into conflict-prevention strategies. Meetings coverage (SC/14732), 13 December.
United Nations (2022b). Deliver humanitarian aid. Web page.
United Nations (2022a). Least developed countries impacted by “range of interlinked crises” – Assembly President. United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG), media release, 22 September.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) (2021). International migrant stock 2020. DESA, New York.
UN DESA (2022). World Population Prospects 2022. Data set (accessed 1 June 2023).
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (1994). Human Development Report 1994. New Dimensions of Human Security. UNDP, New York.
UNDP (2020). Human Development Report 2020. The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene. UNDP, New York.
UNDP (2021). Economic instability and uncertainty in Afghanistan after August 15: A rapid appraisal. UNDP, New York.
UNDP (2022a). New threats to human security in the Anthropocene: demanding greater solidarity. UNDP, New York, 9 September.
UNDP (2022b). Human Development Report 2021/2022. Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping Our Future in a Transforming World. UNDP, New York.
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (2022). SDG 4 March 2023 Release. Institute for Statistics Technical Cooperation Group data set (accessed 17 July 2023).
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Office of the (UNHCR) (2022a). Syria refugee crisis explained. Web page, 8 July.
UNHCR (2022b). UNHCR calls for urgent support to assist almost 16,000 newly displaced in Burkina Faso who fled massacre. Briefing notes, 17 June.
UNHCR (n.d.). Refugee Data Finder. Dataset (accessed 17 July 2023).
United Nations Network on Migration (2022). Towards New Models for Welcoming Venezuelans in Latin America: Regularization and Protection Mechanisms. Side-event at the International Migration Review Forum, Geneva, 19 May.
United Nations Network on Migration (2023). Workplan 2022–2024. United Nations, Geneva.
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (2023). Burkina Faso: One out of five people need humanitarian assistance. Press release, Ouagadougou, 4 April.
United States Agency for International Development (USAID) (n.d.). Burkina Faso: Humanitarian assistance. Web page (accessed 1 June 2023).
United States Congress (2000). Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000. 106th Congress (H.R.3244).
United States Department of State (US Department of State) (2021). Country reports on terrorism 2021: Colombia. Web page.
US Department of State (2022). 2022 Trafficking in persons report: Philippines. Web page.
United States Embassy Bogotá (US Embassy Bogotá) (2021). Statement by Ambassador Philip S. Goldberg. Press Conference with President Ivan Duque and UNHCR High Commissioner Filippo Grandi. Bogotá, 8 February.
University of Alberta (n.d.). Canadian Centre for Diversity + Inclusion (CCDI). Human Resources, Health, Safety and Environment web site (accessed 17 July 2023).
Urquhart, M. (2021). Migrants and Misinformation: Key Themes in Nigeria, Bangladesh and Malaysia. IOM, Geneva.
Vásquez, I., F. McMahon, R. Murphy and G.S. Schneider (2022). The Human Freedom Index: A Global Measurement of Personal, Civil and Economic Freedom. Cato Institute, Washington D.C.
Vearey, J., C. Hui and K. Wickramage (2019). Migration and health: Current issues, governance and knowledge gaps. In: World Migration Report 2020 (M. McAuliffe and B. Khadria, eds.). IOM, Geneva, pp. 213–248.
Vitiello, D. (2022). The Sanctuary City: Immigrant, Refugee, and Receiving Communities in Postindustrial Philadelphia. Cornell University Press, Ithaca.
Vivekananda, J., A. Day and S. Wolfmaier (2020). What can the UN Security Council Do on Climate and Security? Adelphi, Berlin.
Waever, O. (1995). Securitization and desecuritization. In: On Security (R. Lipschutz, ed.). Columbia University Press, New York.
Watson, S. (2009). The Securitization of Humanitarian Migration. Routledge, Oxford.
Woldemikael, O., S.L. Villamil, M.A. Uribe and J. Daly (2022). Overcoming barriers to Venezuelan women’s inclusion and participation in Colombia. Center for Global Development policy paper 259, May.
World Bank (n.d.). GDP and GDP per capita (current US$). Data set (accessed 1 June 2023).
Yalnizyan, A. (2021). Permanently temporary: The problem with Canada’s immigration policy. Open Democracy, 26 February.
Youdina, K. and S. Magnoni (2016). Five things to know about the decline of human rights. World Economic Forum, 9 December.
Züri City Card Association (ZCCA) (n.d.). Züri City Card. Web page (accessed 15 October 2022).
* All hyperlinks were working at the time of writing this report.